PCOS is a serious disease of the female reproductive tract identified by male pattern baldness, hirsutism, sleep apnea and infertility. Unfortunately, there is no cure for it. However, some home remedies can help ease the symptoms.
Hypogonadism may be defined either as serum concentration of T (either total T, bioavailable T or free T) or as low T plus symptoms of hypogonadism
The Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging reported the incidence of total serum T < 325 ng/dL to be 20% for men in their 60s, 30% for men in their 70s and 50% for men over 80
The Massachusetts Aging Male Study reported that 12.3% of men aged 40 to 70 had a total serum T of < 200 ng/dL with 3 or more symptoms of hypogonadism
The Boston Area Community Health Study reported that 5.6% of men aged 30 to 70 were hypogonadal, as defined by total serum T < 300 ng/dL; or, free serum T < 5 ng/dL plus 3 or more symptoms of hypogonadism
In a health screening project among 819 men in Taiwan, the prevalence of hypogonadism (total serum T < 300 ng/dL) ranged from 16.5% for men in their 40s, 23.0% for men in their 50s, 28.9% for men in their 60s, and 37.2% for men older than 70 years of age
The prevalence of hypogonadism among men in Taiwan is higher than the prevalence reported in the Massachusetts Male Aging Study
CAG repeat sequence, within the androgen receptor (AR). Rajender et al[12] reviewed over 30 studies on the AR trinucleotide repeat and infertility
suggestion that CAG repeat length may determine androgen responsiveness, this issue is not clearly settled
reported prevalence of low T in older men range from 5.6% to 50%
Those in the hypogonadal group (n = 4269) had direct health care costs, that exceeded the eugonadal group (n = 4269) by an average of $7100 over the course of the observation window
higher economic burden and presence of co-morbidities for hypogonadism
minor to moderate improvements in lean mass and muscle strength
increased bone mineral density
modest enhancement in sexual function
reduced adiposity
lessening of depressive symptoms
Meta-analyses of clinical TRT trials as of 2010 have identified three major adverse events resulting from TRT: (1) polycythemia; (2) an increase in prostate-related events; and (3) and a slight reduction in serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol
polycythemia (> 3.5-fold increase in risk
TRT produced a 40% prostate enlargement in older hypogonadal male Veterans over 12 mo
no published analysis has reported measurable increases in prostate cancer risk or Gleason score in men undergoing TRT, or in hypogonadal men with a history of prostate cancer undergoing TRT
the prostate which highly expresses the type II 5α-reductase enzyme. Inhibition of this enzyme via finasteride (a type II 5α-reductase inhibitor) or dutasteride (a dual type I and II 5α-reductase inhibitor) reduces circulating DHT 50%-75% and > 90%, respectively[47], and reduces prostate mass[48] and prostate cancer risk
Normally estradiol partially regulates testosterone levels, at the hypothalamus, blunting LH and FSH release from the pituitary. As a selective estrogen receptor modulator, CC interrupts this pathway, and consequently there is a greater stimulation for the production of testosterone in Leydig cells
Several flaws with this study. First, the majority of testing done in the meta-analysis was serum--unreliable. Second, this study flies in the face of many other studies that have shown elevated estrogens contribute to low testosterone in men. Third, this flies in the face of observation. I see over and over again, by lowering a male's estrogen level, he in turn will start producing more Testosterone. And finally, the environmental xenoestrogens have helped to contribute to a all time low of testosterone/infertility rate in men today.
very nice case review and discussion of the treatment of low T and low sperm count in men desiring preservation of fertility. Clomid and HCG are viable options to increase endogenous Testosterone production, though both work via different mechanisms.
Decline in concentration, function and morphological normal sperm in young men in Paris. This was a 20 year study. There was no reduction in semen volume.
Previous Testosterone therapy did not effect Gonadotropin therapy for azoospermia in men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Gonadotropin therapy was quite successful in generating spermatogenesis in this meta-analysis.
Abstract only. Study in men seeking reproductive assistance found that increasing BMI had no negative impact on sperm concentration, sperm count, motility and seminal volume.
2.1 standard deviations in total testosterone was associated with a 25% increase in mortality
Erectile dysfunction is an established marker for future cardiovascular risk and the major presenting symptom leading to a diagnosis of low testosterone
There is a considerable body of evidence that low testosterone is associated with increased cardiovascular and cancer mortality
There is considerable evidence of modest cardiac and metabolic benefits that are shown to reduce cardiovascular risk plus sexual, mood, and quality of life changes associated with restoring testosterone levels
low Testosterone is associated with increased mortality in men and Testosterone therapy in men with low T is associated with a reduction in mortality in men.